rally less than it is now, as if the miles had been at "TALIS CUM SIS, UTINAM NOSTER ESSES."-It that time longer. Thus, "From Cirencester to has been suggested that this was written to ErasMalmesbury 8 m." It is now eleven. Ogilby, in | mus by one of the Protestant reformers; alse, that his Book of Roads, published in 1674, always dis-it occurs in a sermon of St. Augustin's, containing tinguishes between the commonly called and the a eulogy of a certain virtuous heathen, in which real distance. Thus: "The road from Salisbury the latter is apostrophized as above. A search in to Campden, co. Glouc. the vulgar computation St. Augustin, made for me by a friend, has failed 56 miles; the dimensuration 76 miles." Accord- to find it. Whence does the phrase come? ing to this "vulgar computation" the mile must JOHN W. BONE. have contained 2,390 yards. J. E. J. 26, Bedford Place, Russell Square.

"AUGMENTUM."-This word is in the rubrics of an old missal. What is its liturgical use? E.g., "Hic augmentum," "Hic secunda pars augmenti."

H. A. W.

WOLF JACOB VON FORSTNER(?).-A correspondent from Lorraine has sent me the following query, and I shall be greatly obliged if any of your readers can help me in the matter:

AUTHOR NAMED MACCULLOCH.-In the November Contemporary I find, in an article on the Deluge, by M. Lenormant, the name of MacCulloch mentioned in conjunction with those of Humboldt and M. Maury, with respect to a supposed analogy between certain traditions of the Deluge and of the Four Ages of the World in India and in Mexico. In another part of the article M. Lenormant writes the name Macculloch. To what writer of this name does he allude, and in what work are the passages he refers to to be found? MYRETOUN.

"An English gentleman, Wolf Jacob von Forstner(?), who lived for a long time with Duke Leopold I. of Lorraine (from 1716-24), died at Luneville, and was buried on the left side of the altar of the (German Evangelical) church of Ste. Marie aux Mines, Alsace, on Nov. 4, 1724. Duval, whom he befriended, says that he was an English gentleman. I shall be greatly obliged by any information about his family, antecedents, &c. I should add that the Académie of Luneville was attended at that time by many young English gentlemen, attracted bying his name differently, was a major in the

the duke's court."

T. W. C.

"CARCELL":"LESH LUMBERT."-What may these be? The words occur in the menu of an Oxford supper given in 1452 by one Geo. Neville of Balliol. "Lumbert" I take to be pie of some sort. T. F. R.

23RD REGIMENT OF FOOT.-Three brothers, ancestors of mine, were in this corps, as chaplain and captains, in the first decade of the last century. One probably of the same family, although spell

23rd Royal Welsh Fusileers, and fell at Quatre Bras. Were these two 23rd Regiments the same corps? What was General Hodshon's (Hodgson's) regiment in 1773? What corps now represents it?

Demerara.

A. BEAK.

SINGING CAROLS IN CHURCHES.-On the even"THE LAND O' THE LEAL."-Why is it that one ing of Christmas Day, 1878, I attended service at St. version of this song represents the wife as dying Peter's Church, Plymouth. On the conclusion of the and as saying her farewell to "John," while another Rev. G. R. Prynne's sermon, and after the blessing portrays the death-bed scene of the husband, whose had been pronounced, nearly the whole of the perlast words are addressed to "Jean"? Prof. Morley, sons in the congregation kept their seats, and the in Shorter English Poems, gives the former, while carol, or, as it is locally called, the "curl," service the latter is preferred by Mr. Palgrave in the commenced. An appropriate voluntary was first Golden Treasury. Mr. Kennedy, too, the well-played, and then, from a paper specially printed for known Scottish singer, introduces the song to his audiences as being Lady Nairne's ideal of Burns's last hours. To those who have listened under this impression to his pathetic rendering of

"I'm wearin' awa', Jean,"

the occasion, and distributed gratuitously in the church, the minister gave out the carols one by one, the audience nearly all joining in the singing. A noticeable point was that the people sat down to sing, just in the same way as they do in the Estab

there is a startling disenchantment in the common-lished Presbyterian Church in Scotland. place assurance,

"I'm wearin' awa', John."

After

singing some six or eight "curls," the congregation dispersed, taking with them the printed papers for further use at home. Is this "curl" service peculiar to Devonshire, or is it known in other counties? GEORGE C. BOASE.

15, Queen Anne's Gate, S.W. churches at Christmastide.] [Carols are now very commonly sung in London

THOMAS PHAER OR PHAYER. - Is anything known of the family or origin of Thomas Phaer or

Phayer, who translated the Eneid in 1558? When and where was he born? Did he leave any children? What arms did he bear? Is the name of English, Welsh, or Flemish origin? His father is said to have belonged to Norwich. He himself was brought up under the patronage of the Marquis of Winchester, and was educated at Oxford. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and became "Sollicitour to the King and Queen's Majesties, attending their honourable Counsaile in the Marchies of Wales"; and afterwards, in 1559, "Doctour of Physike." He was buried in Kilgerran Forest, Pembrokeshire. PLYNLIMMON.

·

appears to have placed her in an equally hazardous
position.
W. F. PRIDEAUX.

Sehore, Central India.

66

"A PAIR OF ORGANS."-In the Middle Ages, organs are generally spoken of as a pair of organs." In Durham Abbey there were three pairs of organs. Does this mean an organ with two keyboards? and, if so, were they played by two persons simultaneously? In Le Croix's Arts of the Middle Ages, p. 204, is given a drawing of an organ played by two persons. If two persons played together, did they play the same chords, only on different octaves, or did they play different

THE MORRICE OR MORRIS DANCE.-The follow-chords, as two people now do on a piano? ing foot-note occurs in the Fair Maid of Perth:E. LEATON BLENKINSOPP. "Considerable diversity of opinion exists respecting the introduction of the morrice dance into Britain. The name points it out as of Moorish origin, and so popular has this leaping kind of dancing for many centuries been in this country that when Handel was asked to point out the peculiar taste in dancing and music of the several nations of Europe, to the French he ascribed the minuet, to the Spaniard the saraband, to the Italian the arietta, to the English the hornpipe or morrice dance."

According to Sir Bernard Burke (Ulster) the name is of very ancient origin, and derived from the Welsh words Mawr-rwyce, viz., strong or powerful in war (see Landed Gentry, pedigree of Morris of Netherby, co. York). What say your correspondents to this divergence of views?

G. T. WINDYER MORRIS.

[Sir Bernard is not speaking of the morris dance, neither is he to be held responsible for the etymologies which families may assign to their own names.]

ANTHONY.

"PRESTIDIGITATEUR."-In the autobiography of Robert Houdin it is stated that a professor of sleight of hand, yclept Jules de Rovère, was the originator of this tall term: "Being of noble birth, he desired a title in accordance with it; but, as he had rejected with disdain the vulgar name of escamoteur, and as that of physicien was frequently used by his rivals, he was compelled to create a title for himself." Can anything be said against Jules de Rovère's originality? W. WHISTON.

WHAT ARE "ESOPUS" PRICES ?-A poetical advertisement in the Ulster County Gazette (N. America) of December, 1799, concludes prosily : "The following articles will be received in payment. Wheat, rye, buckwheat, oats, corn, butter, flax, ashes, and raw hides. These articles will be taken in at the Esopus prices." H. P.

THE PRONUNCIATION OF ANTHONY."-As I am unable to pronounce my own Christian name COL. LASCELLES: LORD LIGONIER: MASQUEwith any degree of certainty, I shall be extremely RADES AT HAY MARKET.-The Town and Country obliged if you will allow me to have the opinion of Magazine for Nov., 1770, gives the following. your readers. It is generally pronounced as if Col. (Frank) Lascelles as a cornet of Dragoons written Antoni, but some good authorities main-applied (before Nov., 1770) to the late Lord Litain that the thought to retain its full sound. gonier for promotion when there was a vacancy in another corps. On this occasion his lordship said the celebrated bon mot, so well known in the army, "If I were a cornet of Dragoons and twenty years old I would not change stations with the Grand Signior." A few nights after, Col. Lascelles was at the masquerade in the Hay Market and won a sum of money at the E. O. table. I ask, What is the exact date when this bon mot was said, and is there any other account of it, and where? Which regiment of Dragoons was Cornet Lascelles in at that time? Is there any account, and where, of the masquerades at the Hay Market (? Opera House)? What is the meaning of the E. O. table?

ORDEAL BY FLOATING IN WITCHCRAFT.-In his Memoirs of Central India, ed. 1824, vol. ii. p. 215, Sir John Malcolm says, in describing the various tests employed for the discovery of witches,

that

"On other occasions the witch is tied in a bag and thrown into a pool, where sinking is the only proof of her innocence. If her struggles keep her afloat, she is inevitably condemned and punished, either by being obliged to drink the water used by the leather dressers, which is a degradation from caste, or by having her nose cut off, or being put to death."

As this ordeal is identical with that to which suspected witches were formerly subjected in Europe, I should be glad to know if the origin of the test has ever been investigated, and if any reason can be assigned for a trial which, whether resulting in the guilt or innocence of the accused,

CHARLES MASON.

3, Gloucester Crescent, Hyde Park.

"DANMONII."-In the Free Library of this town I find a book entitled Danmonii; or, Historical Sketch of the Ancient Inhabitants of Devon, by a

Mr. J. Chattaway. The same form, Danmonii, is also used throughout the book, without a hint that the usual form is Damnonii. There is also a magazine entitled Philo-Danmonian, of which the same may be said, except that once, in a foot-note, we find Dumnoniida. Is there any authority for this form, or is it a mere blunder? Dr. Latham, in Smith's Dict. of Geogr., knows only the forms Damnii and Damnonium. He refers to an article Dumnonide, which, however, does not appear. DEFNIEL.

Plymouth.

It has Stephens's mark, a tree branched, and a man looking on it, and his motto, "Noli altum sapere." S. L.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED.— Who was the author of the following lines, describing the manner of serving up the boar's head?

Chester. There were at least five counties in which this rule of succession had obtained. They were Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wiltshire, and Berkshire. Turning to other records and writings, we find the same thane's name spelt, or proposed to be spelt, "Ealdnoth," " Eldnoth," or " Ælfnoth"; we also find him variously styled "Dapifer," or "Constable," or "Stallere" under King Edward, "Stallere" under Harold, "Stallere " still under William the Conqueror.

As to the era of the Stallere Ealdnoth, his transaction with Elfwold, Bishop of Sherborne, shows

A LATIN BIBLE.-I have a Latin Bible which I him in an influential position before A.D. 1058, believe to be of some value. Perhaps the follow-when that prelate died. Eadnoth himself fell in ing description of it may enable one of your correbattle in the autumn of 1068, when opposing the spondents to enlighten me fully. It is entitled :sons of Harold in their devastation of the Somerset sea-board. The Stallere was on this occasion "Biblia, Quid in hac editione præstitum sit, vide in ea quam operi præposuimus, ad lectorem epistola. Lutetiae, leading the men of Somerset, and was encouraged ex officina Roberti Stephani, typographi Regii. M.D.XLV. in, if not actually deputed to, such leadership by Cum privilegio Regis." King William. However, the men of Somerset were not well affected to the king, and William of Malmesbury more than hints that the defeat of the invaders and the fall of Ealdnoth were alike consonant with the policy of William. Certain it is that not one of Ealdnoth's estates was allowed to descend to his son Harding. Probable it is that Harding, son of Ealdnoth, was under age at his father's death, and that William gave his estates to Hugh de Abrincis before there was any thought of the latter being advanced to the palatinate of Chester. In tracing the rise of Harding fitz Ealdnoth we must not be tempted to identify him with Harding, butler to Queen Edith, who held that office before the Conquest, and who stood high in her court in A.D. 1072. Nor yet, if Harding, that thane of Wiltshire and Somerset who held the same estates in 1086 as he had held in 1066, were distinct from Harding the Butler, is there the least How small the amount that courts or kings can cure." probability that he was identical with Harding

"if you would send up the brawner's head,
Sweet rosemary and bays around it spread;
His foaming tusks let some large pippin grace,
Or midst these thundering spears an orange place;

Sauce like himself, offensive to its foes,
The roguish mustard, dangerous to the nose;
Sack, and the well-spiced hippocras, the wine,
Wassail the bowl, with ancient ribands fine,
Porridge with plums, and turkeys with the chine."
JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.
"Look then abroad through Nature to the strange
planets, suns, and adamantine spheres."

EDWARD CARTER.

"Of all the ills that men below endure,

"What is free?

The vexed straw in the wind;

The tossed foam on the sea?

E. A. W.

The great ocean itself, as it rolls and swells
In the bonds of a boundless obedience dwells."

THE FATHER OF ROBERT FITZ HARDING.

(5th S. xii. 362, 437, 477.)

Having derived much instruction from MR. ELLIS'S note at the first reference, and being withal deeply interested in cognate matters of Somerset archæology, I offer a few observations, such as I understand the writer of that article and the editor of "N. & Q." to solicit. Domesday is often telling of a Saxon thane, who, whether his name be written Alnod, Elnod, or Ednod in that record, had been generally succeeded in estate by Hugh, Earl of

fitz Ealdnoth.

The first definite appearance of the son of Ealdnoth is in the Somerset Gueld Inquest of A.D. 1084, where in one place he is called Hardin "de Meriot," in other places Harding fitz Alnod. Two years later (A.D. 1086) Domesday-whether describing him as Lord of Merriott or as an Anglothane, endowed by the Conqueror with other Somerset estates-calls him uniformly Harding filius Elnod. Harding's usual antecessor in Somerset estate was Tofig, who, having been Sheriff of Somerset at the date of the Conquest, continued in office in 1058. But, at Merriott, Harding's antecessor was one Godwin, very possibly that Godwin who, having preceded Tofig as sheriff, was still living in 1066. Mr. Freeman suggests that Harding's succession to Tofig in the matter of estate may have been by inheritance. Where estates descended in plurality, as was the case here, such a supposition is most reasonable. At all events, we are assured that, whether as a matter

Can it be supported on any better authority than that of a monastic Stemma Fundatorum? The date in question is somewhere given as A.D. 1115; MR. ELLIS gives it, I see, as "Nov. 6, about 1115." I do not question the month and day even of a monastic Stemma; but about the year I am in this instance, as in most, sceptical.

If Harding, Robert fitz Harding's father, can be shown to have died at so early a date, then I am bound to believe that he was not identical with Harding, the father of Nicholas fitz Harding and the son of the Stallere Ealdnoth. My reasons are these. In his return to the Feodary of 1166, Nicholas fitz Harding speaks twice of his father. A reference (Lib. Nig., i. 95-6) to his return is all that I can offer here. It is incredible that such words as he uses about his father's feoffments can have applied to a man who had died fifty years before. Again, William of Malmesbury, telling us much about Ealdnoth the Stallere and his son Harding, speaks of the latter as of a contemporary with himself-as a successful contemporary-successful in a forensic rather than in a military sphere.

of late justice or of late clemency, the son of Eald-Robert fitz Harding's father well authenticated? noth was recognized by King William within sixteen years of his father's death. About Harding fitz Ealdnoth's descendants it is abundantly clear ("N. & Q.," 5th S. xii. 362, 363) that he was succeeded at Merriott, and in other Somerset estates, by his eldest son and heir, Nicholas fitz Harding. This Nicholas, in A.D. 1166, makes the ordinary return, under Somerset, of his tenure in capite, nor does it affect the validity of that document that, when enrolled in the Liber Niger (Hearne, i. 95), it was erroneously entitled as "Carta Roberti filii Harding." In the same record (Hearne, i. 171-2) we have the genuine return of Robert fitz Harding, and it is enrolled, as we should have expected, under Gloucestershire. This brings us to the fundamental question, Who was the father of the first Robert fitz Harding? In other words, was Harding, the father of Nicholas fitz Harding of 1166, identical with, or distinct from, Harding, the father of Robert fitz Harding of the same date? The strongest argument in favour of identity is perhaps to be found in a circumstance alluded to by MR. ELLIS, viz., that Robert fitz Harding and his suzerain Rannulf, Earl of Chester, gave Fifehide-Magdalen (Dorset) to the abbey of St. Augustine, at Bristol. Fifehide-Magdalen was, before the Conquest, an estate of Ealdnoth the Stallere. On the Stallere's fall, in 1068, Fifehide was given to Hugh de Abrincis. Before 1086 Hugh de Abrincis, then Earl of Chester, had enfeoffed one Gilbert in Fifehide. The tenancy of Gilbert did not endure; it lapsed to the suzerain. Nothing can be more credible than that Rannulf de Gernons, Earl of Chester, circumstanced as he was domestically and politically, should have bestowed Fifehide on the leading citizen of Bristol. And if that citizen, being Robert fitz Harding, A TOPOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY FOR LONDON (5th were grandson of the Stallere Ealdnoth, the former S. xii. 424, 469, 493).—Mr. BLANDFORD will find Lord of Fifehide, then Earl Rannulf's supposed a view of the old Navy Office, Crutched Friars, gift becomes not merely credible, but highly pro-in Strype's map of Tower Street Ward, and in bable and singularly appropriate. That suzerain and tenant should concur in bestowing Fifehide on the Augustines of Bristol was but a natural sequence, and is but a definite illustration of the hypothesized preliminaries.

It might be alleged in opposition to this view that no other estate of the Stallere Ealdnoth can be traced to Robert fitz Harding or to his Berkeley descendants. Such an objection, even if taken after a long and exhaustive research, could not invalidate our temporary hypothesis; for the very essence of that hypothesis is that Robert fitz Harding was a younger son, and, if so, his succession to one of his presumed grandfather's estates was incidental, to more than one it would have been abnormal.

That which remains to be said on this subject I would rather put in the form of a query than a comment. Is the date given for the death of

Though I may have a clear idea that Malmesbury continued to write in A.D. 1143, I would leave it as a query when he began to write. Certainly he did not write this about Harding fitz Ealdnoth so early as 1115, and that bounds the present question.

If any Harding died in 1115, and if the Harding so dying was father of Robert fitz Harding of Bristol, then the father of Robert fitz Harding was not Harding fitz Ealdnoth. R. W. EYTON.

Bowles's Views, 1729, plate W. These are mentioned by Peter Cunningham in his Handbook of London. There are two views of the office catalogued among the engravings in the Guildhall Library, and Mr. Gardner has a perspective view (Taylor del., 1741), which was among those he lent at the opening of the new Guildhall Library in 1872.

There is no doubt of the superior interest of the views when exhibited in frames; but I believe that only about half of Mr. Crace's collection is now shown at the South Kensington Museum from want of room, so that it is hopeless to expect the British Museum authorities to find room for their exhibition. A few, however, might be exhibited at a time, which could be constantly changed.

A.'s complaint is well founded, but there were other sinners before the Metropolitan Board of Works was formed. In fact, ever since houses