CHAP. 324. The Greek Islands Macedon - Thrace, 703

CHAP. 325. GENERAL VIEWS.- Extent, Divisions, Popu-

lation, &c. - Cities of Ancient Greece,.

CHAP. 326. Government - Military Affairs,

CHAP. 327. Religion-Literature and Science - Arts.... 710

CHAP. 328. Manners, Customs, and Domestic Life,

716

Celebrated Characters,.....

718

CHAP. 329.

-

729

-

Glance at its

730

736

737

CHAP. 334. Early Legends-Eneas - Romulus and Re-

mus- - The Seven Kings - Downfall of the Monarchy,.. 732

CHAP. 335. Manners and Customs of the Romans during

the Monarchy,

CHAP. 336. Attempts of Tarquin to recover the Throne-

Revolt of the Plebeians Coriolanus Cincinnatus - - A

Roman Triumph,

CHAP. 337. The Laws of the Twelve Tables - The Decem-

virs The Censorship - The Invasion of the Gauls - The

Samnite Wars - The Invasion of Pyrrhus-Condition of

the People - Public Works - Literature,

CHAP. 338. The Punic Wars - Conquest of Greece - Re-

volt at Rome - Jugurtha-Inroads of the Barbarians -

The Social War Marius and Sylla - Spartacus - Con-

spiracy of Catiline, ......

742

Modern Italy.

Theodoric

CHAP. 344. THE GOTHIC AND LOMBARD KINGDOMS OF

ITALY.-Condition of Italy at the Downfall of the West-

ern Empire - Odoacer -

Belisarius The

Lombards Alboin Astulphus - The Franks - Over-

throw of the Lombard Kingdom,...

-

-

770

CHAP. 345. THE LOMBARDO-VENETIAN KINGDOM.

Lombardy Milan - Frederic Barbarossa - The Lombard

League - Republics of the Middle Ages - The Dukes of

Milan- The Austrian Dominions,

772

CHAP. 346. VENICE.-Commerce of the Middle Ages-

Prosperity of the Venetian Republic - Changes in the

Government Rivalry with Genoa - Decline and Fall of

the Republic,

CHAP. 347. PARMA.-MODENA.-MASSA.

CHAP. 348. THE KINGDOM OF SARDINIA. - Origin of the

House of Savoy

tions,

CHAP. 349.

--

-

- Sardinia-

-

--

.....

774

LUCCA..... 776

Genoa Modern Revolu-

-

-

CORSICA.. - Ancient Corsica - The Carthagin-
ians The Romans-The Byzantines - The Saracens —
The Pisans - The Genoese King Theodore - Conquest
by the British - Annexation of Corsica to France,

CHAP. 350. THE ROMAN STATES. Origin of the Papal

Power The Forged Donation of Constantine Hilde-

brand's Usurpations - The Crusades - The Jubilee - The

Residence at Avignon - Picture of Rome in the Middle

Ages,

CHAP. 351. Rienzi - The Bannerets - The Schism-Cap-

ture of Rome by the Constable of Bourbon - Paul IV. -

Gregory XII.-Spectacles at Rome - Deposition of the

Pope by the French Restoration - Revolution of 1849.

The Roman Republic - Capture of Rome by General

Oudinot,

CHAP. 352. TUSCANY.

777

777

778

770

781

Ancient Etruria - Charlemagne

CHAP. 354. NAPLES.-The Exarchate - The Saracens -

The Republics of Naples, Gaeta, and Amalfi - The Nor-

mans - The House of Swabia - Charles of Anjou — Queen

Joanna,

CHAP. 355. The Spanish Dominion in Naples - Invasion

of Charles VIII. of France-Insurrection of Masaniello-

The Napoleon Dynasty - Modern Revolutions,........

CHAP. 356. SICILY.-Ancient Fables of Sicily - The Cy

clops The Sicanians - The Siculi - The Greek Colonies

-Syracuse-Gelon - Dionysius the Tyrant - Agathocles

-Pyrrhus-Archimedes,

Malta.

CHAP. 359. Ancient Malta - The Knights of St. John-

War with the Turks - Capture of Malta by the French-

Downfall of the Order of Knights - Capture by the Brit-

ish-Annexation to Great Britain,....

The Byzantine Empire.

CHAP. 360. Geographical View - Fall of the Western

Empire - Revolutions of the Byzantine Government—

Loss of Italy-Reign of Justin- Accession of Justinian

-Factions of the Circus-Insurrection of the Blue and

Green Factions-Conflagration in Constantinople - Dan-

ger of Justinian - Firmness of the Empress Theodora -

The Insurrection suppressed-The Vandal and Persian

Wars,

-

-

-

..... .....

--

-

-

............

-

797

799

CHAP. 361. The Gothic War-Invasion of Italy by Belisa-

rius Capture of Rome - Siege of Rome by the Goths-

Sale of the Papacy by the Empress Theodora - Disgrace

and Beggary of Belisarius - Justinian's Laws - His Edi-

fices Building of the Church of St. Sophia,

801

CHAP. 362. Calamities of Justinian's Reign - Comets -

Earthquake at Antioch and Berytus Great Plague -

Description of Procopius-Origin and Progress of the

Pestilence Strange Phenomena attending its Appear-

ance Sufferings of the Victims-Mortality at Constan-

tinople Singular Mode of entombing the Dead,........ 802

CHAP. 363. Reigns of Justin II., Tiberius, and Maurice-

Usurpation and Cruelties of Phocas - Calamitous Fate of

Maurice- Pope Gregory acknowledged Universal Bishop

by Phocas-Overthrow and Death of Phocas - Accession

of Heraclius - Persian War - Victories of Khosrou

Conquest of Jerusalem and Asia Minor - Danger of Con-

stantinople-Campaigns of Heraclius - First Appearance

of the Saracens,.......

CHAP. 364. Character of the Byzantine History after the

Death of Heraclius-Sieges of Constantinople by the Sara-

cens Invention of the Greek Fire Rise of the Icono-

clasts Fortunes of the Empress Irene - Reigns of the

Basilian Emperors - Wealth and Luxury of the Greek

Empire State of Europe-Silk,

-

-

--

... 803

-

CHAP. 365. Character of the Greeks during this Period -

The Empire new modelled - Loss of the Italian Provinces

-Extent of the Empire-Description of Constantinople

- Theological Disputes, &c.,

-

-

-

......

-

...

804

805

807

CHAP. 366. End of the Basilian Dynasty-Accession of

the Comneni-Reign of Alexius-State of Literature in

Constantinople-Anna Comnena - The Crusades - Ex-

traordinary Adventures of Andronicus - He ascends the

Throne His bloody Reign-Insurrection at Constanti-

nople - Overthrow and tragical Death of Andronicus, 806

CHAP. 367. Reign and Deposition of Isaac Angelus - The

Crusaders attack Constantinople - Description of the

City and its Capture by the Venetians Election of a

Frank Emperor of Constantinople - Division of the By-

zantine Empire - The Principalities of Lacia, Nice, and

Trebizond-Calamities of Constantinople - Great Fire-

Decline and Extinction of the Latin Empire,

CHAP. 368. Decline of the Byzantine Empire - Progress

of the Turks, the Pisans, and the Genoese-Establish-

ment of the Turks in Europe - Degradation of the Greek

Emperor Apathy of the Western Christians - Accession

of Mahomet II. - Preparations for attacking Constanti-

nople Condition of the City-The Emperor Constan-

tine Palæologus - His noble Declaration to the Turkish

Sultan,

..... 808

CHAP. 369. Mahomet II., Sultan of the Turks - Prepara-

tions for the Siege of Constantinople - Firmness of the

Emperor Constantine Palæologus - Magnitude of the be-

sieging Army and Fleet-Weakness of the Greek Force

- First Assault of the Turks,

CHAP. 370. Siege of Constantinople - Sultan Mahomet's

Isabella Charles V. Philip II.

Spain,......

CHAP. 385. General Views - Spanish Character- Gov-

ernment and Laws-Power-Religion - Language and

Literature,

CHAP. 386. The Gypsies-Their Origin and History

Their Manners, Habits, and Condition, in various Coun-

tries

-

General Characteristics,

Portugal.

CHAP. 387. Origin of the Portuguese Monarchy - Its

most renowned Kings - Flourishing Period - Decline-

Present Condition- General Views,

France.

836

811

844

846

His Adventures-England partitioned between the Sax-

ons and Danes- Invasion of Hastings-Manners, Cus-

toms, Occupation, &c., of the Saxons - The Guilds - The

Saxon Language,

-

-

-

-

-

899

.... 903

CHAP. 404. Edward the Elder - Edwin - Legend of St.

Dunstan Danish Conquest of England - Sweyn - Ca-

nute-Harold Harefoot - Hardicanute-Edward the Con-

fessor Harold Battle of Hastings - The Norman

Conquest Reign and Institutions of William the Con-

queror,

...... 901

CHAP. 405. William Rufus - Henry I. - Stephen - Hen-

ry II. Murder of Thomas à Becket - His Canonization

- Conquest of Ireland - Richard Cœur de Lion - John-

Magna Charta Henry II. - The Commons first sum-

moned to Parliament,

CHAP. 406. Edward I. - Conquest of Wales and Scotland

-Wallace and Bruce - Friar Bacon- Edward II. - Bat-

tle of Bannockburn - Edward III. — Wars with France-

Richard II. -- Wat Tyler's Rebellion Usurpation of

Henry of Lancaster-John Wiclif,

906

CHAP. 407. Henry IV. - Wars of the Red and White

Roses Henry V. - Wars in France - Henry VI. — Ed-

ward IV. Richard III. - Battle of Bosworth - Henry

VII. Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck - Spirit of

the English Government - Commencement of the Navy, 909

CHAP. 408. Henry VIII-Cardinal Wolsey-Anne Bo-

leyn Quarrel with the Pope- Sir Thomas More

Henry's numerous Marriages - War with France-State

of England in the Time of Henry VIII. — Abolition of

Slavery Edward' VI.- Establishment of the Protestant

Religion Queen Mary- Persecutions Loss of Calais

- Death and Character of Mary,.......

CHAP. 409. Reign of Elizabeth - Rivalry of the Protes-

tants and Catholics - Fate of the Queen of Scots - War

with Spain -The Invincible Armada- Leicester and Essex

Death of Elizabeth Her Character- -Government

Literature-Trade, Society, Manners, &c., of the English

in the Reign of Elizabeth,

-

863

869

CHAP. 393. Wars between England and France - Battles

of Cressy and Poictiers- The Jacquerie-Insanity of

Charles VI. - Battle of Agincourt - Joan of Arc,........ 866

CHAP. 394. Reign of Louis XI. - Foreign Wars-Fran-

cis I.-The Field of the Cloth of Gold-Wars with the

Emperor of Germany - Charles IX. - Catharine de Medi-

cis Massacre of St. Bartholomew,

CHAP. 395. Death of Charles IX., and Accession of Hen-

ry III. Henry the Great - The Edict of Nantes - Louis

XIII. Cardinal Richelieu - His Policy and Character, 873

CHAP. 396. War of the Fronde Louis XIV. - Revoca-

tion of the Edict of Nantes-Louis XV.,......

CHAP. 397. French Revolution - National Convention

Convocation of the States General Execution of Louis

XVI. and Marie Antoinette- Rise and Fall of Robes-

pierre,

-

CHAP. 410. Accession of James I. — The Gunpowder Plot

- Incapacity of the King - Fate of Sir Walter Raleigh-

Misgovernment of James - The Puritans flee to America

Negotiations for a Spanish Marriage - Condition of

London in the Reign of James,

CHAP. 411. Accession of Charles I. - State of Public

Opinion Arbitrary Character and Behavior of Charles-

Resistance of the Commons - Petition of Right-Court

of High Commission and Star Chamber - The Cavaliers

and Roundheads - John Hampden and the Ship Money

- Invasion of the Scots-Execution of Strafford and Laud

- Attempt to seize the Five Members - Flight of the

King from London,

911

913

915

917

CHAP. 412. Civil War- Rise of Oliver Cromwell

tles of Marston Moor, Newbury, and Naseby - The King

made Prisoner - His Trial and Execution - The Common-

wealth Charles II. declared in Scotland Cromwell's

Campaign against the Scots Battles of Dunbar and

Worcester-Escape of Charles II. from England, ....... 918

CHAP. 413. Dissolution of the Long Parliament by Crom-

well He is made Lord Protector- His Administration

-

-

-

- War with the Dutch and Spaniards - Death of Crom-

well Administration of his Son Richard - Restoration

of Charles II. His disgraceful Reign-Plague of Lon-

don-Great Fire - Popish Plot - Ryehouse Plot,

CHAP. 414. Accession of George I. - Rebellion of 1715-

South Sea Bubble- Administration of Sir Robert Walpole

Accession of George II. War with Spain -

Disasters

in South America-Anson's Voyage - Rebellion of 1745

- Battle of Culloden - Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle-The Sev-

en Years' War-Chatham's Administration - The New

Style,

CHAP. 415. Accession of George III. - Dispute on the

Subject of Neutral Property -Increase of the National

Debt- - Administration of Lord Bute-American War -

Administration of Lord North-

1 Riots in London - Gen-

eral Peace French Revolution Continental Wars

919

922

........

-

-

............

Peace of Amiens - War with Napoleon - Battle of Water-

loo-General Pacification,

CHAP. 416. Distress and Disturbances in England - Ac-

cession of George IV. - Troubles occasioned by the Queen

-Accession of William IV. - Reform Bill - Accession of

Queen Victoria - Foreign Wars Famine in Ireland -

The Chartists - Rebellion of Smith O'Brien,

CHAP. 417. Character of the English-

stitutions Arts - Amusements

lation-Productive Industry - Chief Cities, .

CHAP. 418. WALES.- Description of Wales

cient Welsh The Druids Ceremony of Cutting the

Mistletoe Remains of Ancient Druidism - Roman Inva-

sion of Wales Native Government - Llewellyn

ward I.,

-

- - Literature - In-

Architecture Popu-

The An-

926

928

-

Ed-

933

CHAP. 419. Second Insurrection of Llewellyn - Invasion

of Wales by Edward - Death of Llewellyn - Capture and

Execution of Prince David - Subjugation of Wales

Union with England,

-

934

936

CHAP. 420. Government of the Ancient Welsh-Enmity

to the English-The Welsh Bards Manners Charac-

ter-Superstitions - Language, &c., of the Welsh,...... 935

CHAP. 421. SCOTLAND. - Geographical Description - The

Caledones-Invasion of Agricola- The Picts-Invasion

and Conquest of Scotland by the Irish-Saxon Coloniza-

tion in Scotland - The Kingdom of Strathcluyd-St. Co-
lumba - Christianity introduced into Scotland - The Cul-
dees,

CHAP. 422. Conquest of the Orkney and Shetland Islands

by the Norwegians - Ancient Navigation-Reign of Dun-

can-Macbeth - Malcolm - Intercourse with the Norman

Conquerors of England,

CHAP. 423. Conquests of Magnus the Norwegian in Scot-

land-Reign of Alexander I. - The Franks - Adventures

of Sweyn, the Danish Pirate - Reign of David II. -- Age

of Chivalry-Misfortunes of William the Lion,....

CHAP. 424. Alexander II.- Acquisition of the Hebrides

The Maid of Norway - Baliol and Bruce - Usurpation of

Edward I. Exploits of Wallace Accession of Robert

Ireland Alliance of Dermot and Strongbow - Capture

of Waterford - Introduction of the Feudal System into

Ireland - Treaty between Dermot and Roderic - Henry

invades Ireland - Conquest of the Country - Partition of

the Lands by Henry,

CHAP. 434. Taxation of the Irish-Establishment of the

English Pale-Condition of Ulster-Expedition of De

Courcy Conquest of Ulster-The Wild Irish - Building

of Abbeys and Churches in Ireland Disorders of the

Country,

CHAP. 435. The Statute of Kilkenny-Laws against the

Amalgamation of the English and Irish - Visit of Richard

II. to Ireland -Description of the Wild Irish-Projects

of Henry VIII. and Elizabeth for introducing Protestantism

-First Planting of Potatoes in Ireland,.

CHAP. 436. Nocturnal Meetings - Civilization of Ulster

by James I. Insurrection of 1641- Massacre of the Eng-

lish Civil War - Plague in Ireland,

CHAP. 437. Conquest of Ireland by Cromwell - Emigra-

tion of the Irish - Rise of the Rapparees - Rebellion of

the Irish under James II. - Restrictions on Trade - At-

tempts for the Relief of the Irish- Pauperism - Absentee-
ism,

CHAP. 438. Enclosure of the Irish Commons - White

Boys Peep-of-Day Boys - Orangemen - United Irish-

men - Rebellion of 1797- Emmet's Rebellion - Union

with England O'Connell Catholic Emancipation —

Distress in Ireland - Famine Smith O'Brien's Rebellion
- Present Condition of Ireland,

CHAP. 439. Government, Chief Cities, Manners, Customs,

Manufactures, Agriculture, Commerce, Religion, Educa-

tion, Literature, &c., of Ireland,

vii

952

953

954

955

956

957

.... 959

961

CHAP. 440. GENERAL VIEWS OF THE KINGDOM OF GREAT

BRITAIN AND IRELAND,

CHAP. 441. Geographical Description

Historical Outline,

CHAP. 442. History of Ancient Germany-Roman Inva-

sions of Germany - Scythian Invasions - Annals - Char-

lemagne,

-

Rise of the

941

970

CHAP. 425. Reign and Captivity of David II. -State of

Government and Society in Scotland Manners of the

Nobles

Warrior Clergymen Slavery

Burghers-Education - Dress,

CHAP. 426. Accession of the Stuarts - Private Wars

Raids Invasion of Richard II. - Destruction of Melrose

-Improvements of James I. - Law against Sorners

James III. Acquisition of the Orkney and Shetland

Islands - Calamitous End of James III. - Reign of James

IV.,

CHAP. 427. Battle of Flodden Field-James V. - Perse-

cution of the Protestants Accession of Mary - The

Reformation - Rivalry of Mary and Elizabeth - Marriage

of Mary to Darnley - Murder of Rizzio,..

CHAP. 428. Murder of Darnley- Marriage of Mary to Both-

well Insurrection Imprisonment and Deposition of

Mary Her Flight to England - Captivity and Execution

942

-

....

.... 984

CHAP. 446. Notices of Bohemia, Moravia, and the Tyrol, 988

CHAP. 447. General Views of the Austrian Empire,...... 990

.......

- Conquest of Scotland - The Restoration -
Charles II. Persecution of the Covenanters - James II.

--

-

- William III.—Union of Scotland and England,....... 946
CHAP. 430. Chief Cities Agriculture, Manufactures,

-